La gemmatura nella Pace di Chiavenna. Considerazioni gemmologiche. Indagini archeometriche non invasive
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The gemstone patrimony of the Pace di Chiavenna is outstanding, being composed of 190 items grouped into 18 plates. All gemstones have been analysed and identified with traditional gemmological techniques (refractometry, microscopy) and with instrumental spectroscopic techniques (UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry with optic fibres - FORS, X-ray spectrometry - XRF), finding a substantial concordance of results. They have been identified garnets of the pyrope-almandine series, corundums of the blue sapphire variety, beryls of the emerald variety, amethysts and 1 green translucent chromian chalcedony. Two items remain unknown. There are also pearls, the most abundant gemstones, and 5 metallic spherules, not examined in a special way. A peculiar finding is the presence of a chrome chalcedony gemstone, a green variety of chalcedony frequently found in Roman jewelry. Some hypotheses were drawn on the geographic origin of the gemstones, on the basis of both historical-literary documentation (mostly the Topografia cristiana by Cosma Indicopleuste, sixth century) and of elemental data provided by XRF analysis. Most of the red garnets and of sapphires were from the Indian subcontinent. Emeralds could come from Egypt. It is also taken seriously the widespread brokerage of the Jewish merchants who have moved freely in both Muslim and Christian worlds. Finally a comparison is proposed between the Pace di Chiavenna and the eleventh century Vercelli binding with concern to elemental data from emeralds and sapphires: the two artworks seem to have gemstones with different provenances.
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